Slow Violence and Environmental Racism: Romani Recyclers in North Macedonia’s Circular Economy

Abstract

This article analyses the environmental injustices faced by Romani communities in North Macedonia through case studies of five locations by applying the “slow violence” framework. By examining the long-term and often invisible harm caused by environmental pollution and hazardous working conditions, the paper highlights how Romani waste pickers are disproportionately affected by these slow onset, cumulative forms of violence. Drawing from field visits and secondary sources, it explores the living conditions, financial deprivation, and health issues prevalent in these communities. The analysis reveals that unemployment and inadequate living conditions force Romani families into informal waste recycling as a means of survival. This practice, while providing a necessary income, exposes them to significant health hazards and environmental pollution. The Covid-19 pandemic exacerbated these vulnerabilities, with restrictions limiting access to waste and deepening financial struggles. The study also highlights systemic discrimination and legal challenges faced by Romani waste pickers. By framing these conditions within the concepts of slow violence and environmental racism, the article underscores the long-term consequences of environmental injustice on marginalised communities. The findings call for comprehensive policy approaches that recognise and integrate the contributions of informal waste recyclers into sustainable waste management practices. This research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the intersection between environmental sustainability and social justice, advocating for more inclusive policies that address the specific needs and rights of Romani communities.